Dietary β-mannanase decreases cloacal temperature of broiler chickens under hot conditions without affecting growth performance / El consumo de β-mananasa disminuye la temperatura cloacal de pollos de engorde bajo condiciones de calor sin afectar su rendimiento de crecimiento / O consumo de β-mananase diminui a temperatura da cloaca do frango de corte em condições de calor sem afetar seu desempenho do crescimento

Abstract Background: High amounts of nonstarch polysaccharides in the diet may increase the amounts of fermentative materials in the hindgut, leading to an increase in fermentative heat production. Dietary β-mannanase is reported to decrease antinutritional effects of β-mannans, such as the potential increase of body heat; however, its efficacy on broiler chickens raised under hot climatic conditions has not been investigated. Objective: To investigate the effects of dietary β-mannanase on growth performance, cloacal temperature, relative lymphoid organ weight, and blood characteristics of broiler chickens raised under hot climatic conditions. Methods: A total of 1,701 1-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments with nine replicates. A basal diet was prepared and added with β-mannanase at 0.05 or 0.10% inclusion levels. The experiment was conducted for 30 days. Average room temperature was 28.8 ± 1.74 ˚C and average relative humidity (RH) was 76.1 ± 11.49% during the experiment. Results: Growth performance of broiler chickens raised under hot climatic conditions was not affected by β-mannanase inclusion. Cloacal temperature decreased at the end of experiment (linear, p<0.05) with increasing inclusion levels of dietary β-mannanase. Increasing inclusion levels of β-mannanase tended to increase (linear, p=0.076) the relative weight of thymus, but had no effects on the relative weight of spleen and bursa of Fabricius. Blood characteristics were not influenced by dietary β-mannanase. Conclusion: Increasing inclusion levels of β-mannanase decrease cloacal temperature; however, it does not directly influence growth performance nor alleviates the heat stress of broiler chickens raised under hot climatic conditions.

Resumen Antecedentes: Altas cantidades de carbohidratos no almidonosos en la dieta pueden aumentar la cantidad de materiales fermentativos en el intestino posterior, aumentando la producción de calor fermentativo. La β-mananasa dietaria disminuye los efectos antinutricionales de los β-mananos, tales como el potencial incremento de la producción calorica; Sin embargo, no se ha investigado su eficacia en pollos de engorde criados bajo condiciones de calor ambiental. Objetivo: Investigar los efectos de la β-mananasa en la dieta sobre el crecimiento, la temperatura cloacal, el peso relativo de los órganos linfoides y las características sanguíneas de pollos de engorde criados bajo condiciones climáticas calientes. Métodos: Un total de 1.701 pollos de engorde de 1 día de edad (Ross 308) fueron asignados al azar a uno de tres tratamientos dietarios con nueve repeticiones. A una dieta basal se le adicionó β-mananasa en niveles de inclusión de 0,05 o 0,10%. El experimento duró 30 días. La temperatura ambiente durante el experimento fue de 28,8 ± 1,74 ˚C y la humedad relativa de 76,1 ± 11,49%. Resultados: La inclusión de β-mananasa no afecto el rendimiento de los pollos. La temperatura cloacal medida al final del experimento disminuyó (lineal, p<0,05) con niveles de inclusión dietarios crecientes de β-mananasa. Niveles incrementales de β-mananasa tendieron a aumentar (lineal, p=0,076) el peso relativo del timo, pero no hubo efecto sobre el peso del bazo o la bursa de Fabricio. La β-mananasa no influenció las características de la sangre. Conclusión: Niveles incrementales de β-mananasa disminuyen la temperatura cloacal, aunque afectan el crecimiento ni alivian el estrés térmico del pollo de engorde criado bajo condiciones climáticas calientes.

Resumo Antecedentes: Altas quantidades de polissacáridos não amiláceos na dieta podem aumentar as quantidades de materiais fermentativos no intestino posterior, levando a um aumento na produção de calor fermentativo. A β-mananase dietética é relatada para diminuir os efeitos antinutricionais da β-manana, tal como o possível aumento da produção de calor; Entretanto, não tem sido investigada a eficácia de la em frangos de corte criados em condições climáticas quentes. Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos da β-mananase na dieta sobre o desempenho do crescimento, a temperatura cloacal, o peso relativo dos órgãos linfóides e as características de sanguíneas de frangos de corte criados em condições climáticas quentes. Métodos: Um total de 1.701 frangos de corte de um dia de idade (Ross 308) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em um dos três tratamentos dietéticos com nove repetições. A dieta basal foi preparada e a β-mananase foi adicionada à dieta basal com níveis de inclusão de 0,05 ou 0,10%. O experimento foi conduzido durante 30 dias. A temperatura ambiente média foi de 28,8 temperatura ahumidade relativa (HR) média foi de 76,1 ± 11,49% durante o experimento. Resultados: O desempenho de crescimento dos frangos de corte criados em condições climáticas quentes não foi afetado pelos níveis de inclusão de β-mananase. A temperatura cloacal medida no final do experimento foi diminuída (linear, p<0,05) com níveis crescentes de inclusão de β-mananase na dieta. O aumento dos níveis de inclusão da β-mananase tendeu a aumentar (linear, p=0,076) o peso relativo do timo, mas não teve efeitos sobre o peso relativo do baço e da bursa de Fabricius. As características do sangue não foram influenciadas pela β-mananase dietética. Conclusão: Os níveis crescentes de inclusão de β-mananase diminuem a temperatura cloacal; entretanto, isso não influencia diretamente o desempenho do crescimento e alivia o estresse térmico dos frangos de corte criados em condições climáticas quentes.

Histological studies on ontogenic development of lymphoid organs in Indian major carp, Catla catla

Aim: Immunostimulation, before the fish is able to mount an effective immune response, can induce tolerance. Therefore, present study was carried out to investigate the structural development of lymphoid organs, namely thymus, kidney and spleen of Indian major carp, Catla (Catla catla), which will help in deciding the appropriate age, when immunocompetence is established. Methodology: In this study, ontogeny of the lymphoid organs of catla was studied from hatching up to 54 days post hatch (dph). For this, whole fish were fixed, processed and embedded in paraffin wax. Further, serial sections were cut, stained and observed under microscope. Results: The thymus anlage appeared in the dorso-anterior part of the gill cavity at 1 dph. At 5 dph, an undifferentiated mass of stem cells was observed and by 8 dph, it appeared lymphoid. At 11 dph, clear dark and light zones of cells were observed. At 26 dph, Hassall’s corpuscles were observed and no further changes were observed except increase in number of lymphoid cells till end of the sampling period. Kidney was observed as an undifferentiated mass of stem cells at 1 dph with few renal tubules. At 5 dph, undifferentiated stem cells increased in number, and by 8 dph, few erythropoietic cells were observed. At 11 dph, lymphoid cells were present and by 17 dph, renal tubules started degenerating. At 26 dph, anterior kidney completely lacked excretory tissue and appeared lymphoid. Spleen was observed at 3 dph as an undifferentiated mass of stem cells, and at 8 dph, erythrocytes were seen. At 11 dph, spleen was heavily packed with erythrocytes, whereas at 20 dph, the number of erythrocytes decreased and lymphocytes were observed. Fully developed spleen was observed at 33 dph with presence of red and white pulp.

Desempenho e resposta imune de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas suplementadas com cromo na forma orgânica / Immune response and performance by broiler chickens dietarysupplemented with chromium in organic form

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da suplementação de cromo-orgânico, sobre o desempenho, biometria dos órgãos digestivos e linfoides, histomoformetria da bolsa cloacal e rendimento de carcaça e cortes nobres de frangos de corte de 1 a 41 dias de idade, naturalmente submetidos a estresse por calor cíclico. Foram utilizados 400 pintos de corte da linhagem Cobb, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos: 0; 350; 700; 1050 e 1400 ppb de cromo na ração. Os valores do índice de temperatura de globo e umidade foram respectivamente, 83,39 e 80, para fase de crescimento e terminação. A suplementação do cromo orgânico influenciou (P 0,01) de forma quadrática a conversão alimentar dos animais segundo a equação Y=1,67-0,00016x+0,00000012x² (r² 0,976), na fase de 1 a 21 dias de idade. Os níveis de suplementação do cromo orgânico proporcionaram melhor índice de eficiência produtiva e maior percentual de parênquima cortical nas aves aos 21 dias. Na fase de 1 a 41 dias de idade, verificou-se que o peso de penas foi influenciado positivamente com os níveis de cromo orgânico e que não houve efeito para o desempenho dos frangos. Conclui-se que a suplementação da ração com cromo orgânico melhora desempenho e a resposta imune de frangos de corte frente a condições de estresse por calor.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of adding organic chromium dietary supplementation on performance, digestiveand lymphoid organs biometry and histomorphometry of the clocal bursa and on carcass and prime cuts performance of broilersfrom 1 to 41 days old, naturally stressed by heat cyclic. We used 400 chicks Cobb, the experimental design adopted was acompletely randomized, with five treatments: 0; 350; 700; 1050 and 1400 ppb chromium in diet. The supplementation withorganic chromium influenced (p<0,01) quadratic form on alimentary conversion the animals according to the equation Y = 1.67to 0.00016 x 0.00000012 x ² (r ² 0.976) in the period 1 to 21. The levels of supplementation of organic chromium improvementproductive efficiency and percentage of cortical parenchyma of broilers to 21 days. In phase to 1 from 41 days old, it was observedimprovement the feathers weight with levels of organic chromium, and there wasn’t influence on performance of broilers. Thechromium in the organic form improves the performance of broiler chickens and immune response by broiler chickens in cyclic heat stress.

Distribution and Quantification of Lymphocytes in the Major Lymphoid Organs of Naturally Gumboro Infected Broilers / Distribución y Cuantificación de Linfocitos en los Órganos Linfoides Principales de Pollos de Engorda Infectados Naturalmente con Gumboro

Gumboro disease is caused by the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) which rapidly destroys immature B-lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious, and causes immune suppression and high mortality in commercial broiler farms in Bangladesh. To investigate the possible effect of IBDV on lymphocytes and its distribution in the major lymphoid organs, bursa of Fabricious including spleen and thymus of naturally Gumboro-infected broilers, a research was conducted in the Department of Anatomy and Histology, collaboration with the Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh. Bursa of Fabricious, spleen and thymus of 21-days-old Gumboro-infected and non-infected broilers of same age (control) were routinely processed and stained by hematoxylin and eosin to examine the distribution of lymphocytes in the major lymphatic organs as well as quantified the number of lymphocytes under high power magnification field and compared with those of control. The number of lymphocytes in bursa of Fabricious, spleen and thymus of Gumboro-infected broilers were 27.20 ± 1.53, 66.50 ± 2.70 and 79.30 ± 3.92 whereas 121 ± 3.82, 89.90 ± 2.09 and 106.30 ± 4.07 were in non-infected control respectively. The numbers of lymphocytes were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in all lymphatic organs of Gumboro-infected broilers than those of non-infected control. The significant numbers of lymphocytes decrease in spleen and thymus suggest that IBVD not only destroy lymphocytes in bursa of Fabricious, but also in spleen and thymus and thus may severely suppress the immune response of IBVD affected broilers.

La enfermedad de Gumboro es causada por el virus de la bursitis infecciosa (VBI), que destruye rápidamente los linfocitos B inmaduros de la bolsa de Fabricio, y causa supresión inmune y la elevada mortalidad en las granjas comerciales de pollos de engorde en Bangladesh. Para investigar el posible efecto del VBI en los linfocitos y su distribución en los órganos linfoides principales, la bolsa de Fabricio, incluyendo el bazo y el timo de pollos de engorde naturalmente infectados con Gumboro, se realizó una investigación en el Departamento de Anatomía e Histología, y el Departamento de Patología, Universidad Agrícola de Bangladesh, Bangladesh. Tanto la bolsa de Fabricio, bazo y el timo de pollos de engorde con 21 días de edad infectados con Gumboro y no infectados de la misma edad (control) se procesaron de forma rutinaria y se tiñeron con H & E para examinar la distribución de los linfocitos en los órganos linfáticos principales, así cuantificar el número de linfocitos bajo campo de alta magnificación y compararlos con los de control. El número de linfocitos en la bolsa de Fabricio, bazo y timo de pollos infectados con Gumboro fue 27,20 ± 1,53, 66,50 ± 2,70 y 79,30 ± 3,92, respectivamente, mientras que en los controles no infectados fue 121 ± 3,82, 89,90 ± 2,09 y 106,30 ± 4,07 respectivamente. El número de linfocitos fue significativamente (p < 0,05) más bajo en todos los órganos linfáticos de pollos de engorde infectados con Gumboro que los no infectados. La disminuición significativa de linfocitos en el bazo y timo, sugiere que el VBI no sólo destruye linfocitos en la bolsa de Fabricio, sino también en el bazo y el timo y, por tanto, puede suprimir severamente la respuesta inmune de pollos de engorde afectados por VBI.

Histologia e ultraestrutura do rim e rim cefálico do pacu / Histology and ultrastructure of kidney and cephalic kidney in Pacu

O pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, é um teleósteo da Família Characidae, intensivamente cultivado no Brasil devido sua rusticidade, crescimento rápido e fácil adaptação. O conhecimento morfológico dos sistemas corpóreos, incluído órgãos linfóide, se faz necessário, para uma melhor produção no cultivo de peixes, fornecendo subsídios na manutenção dos estoques. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever morfologicamente o rim e rim cefálico de Piaractus mesopotamicus, analisando os perfis celulares de cada órgão com o uso de microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. O resultado da análise macroscópica mostrou que a localização do rim e rim cefálico são as mesmas encontradas na maioria dos teleósteos. O rim apresentou uma forma em "H", onde a região média se expandia sobre a bexiga natatória. O rim cefálico se apresentou como uma dilatação na região cranial do rim, mostrando-se bem visível. Na microscopia eletrônica de transmissão também foram observadas similaridades ultraestruturais com outros teleósteos. Observando nossos resultados concluímos que histologicamente e ultraestruturalmente, os órgãos linfóides rim e rim cefálico de Piaractus mesopotamicus são similares aos de outros teleósteos.

The Pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, is a teleostei of the Characidae family, intensively cultivated in Brazil due to its rusticity, fast growth and easy adaptation. Morphological knowledge of the body systems including the lymphoid organs is necessary to improve fish production and supply subsidies for the maintenance of stocks. This study aimed to describe morphologically kidney and head kidney of Piaractus mesopotamicus, analyzing the cellular profile of each organ with the use of light microscopy and electronic transmission microscopy. The result of the macroscopic analysis showed that the localization of the kidney and head kidney is the same as found in the majority of the teleostei. The kidney presented a form in "H", where the medium region is expanded on the natatorium bladder. The head kidney presented a dilatation in the cranial region of the kidney. In the transmission electronic microscopy we found ultrastructural similarities with other teleostei fish. It can be concluded that the lymphoid organs (kidney and head kidney) of Piaractus mesopotamicus are histologically and ultra-structurally similar to the other teleostei.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF NK CELLS IN THE HUMAN LYMPHOID ORGANS / 解剖学报

Leu 7 monoclonal antibody and immunohistochemical technic were used to study the distribution of NK cells in human lymph node, tonsil, spleen and thymus. The results indicated that the NK cells predominately distributed in B cell area, such as germinal center of secondary follicle, which occured in lymph node and tonsil. A few NK cells were found in the paracortex and medulla of lymph node. In the spleen, the NK cells mainly located in the germinal center of splenic nodules and in the periphery of white pulp. However, the NK cells were never shown in the perarterial lymphatic sheath, some NK cells also scattered in the pulp cord and sinuses of red pulp. In the thymus, the NK cells were restricted in the medulla, and the number of NK cells reduced in the aged thymus. In addition, the Leu 7 antibody was reacted with epithelial cells, which located in the cortical periphery or thymic lobule. The morphology of NK cells in different lymphoid organs was similar. The staining intensity of Leu 7 antibody was identical both in the frozen and paraffin sections.